On Monday morning, 11/30/2020, a doctoral thesis was discussed in the Department of History, College of Arts, Basra University, entitled "Political Parties in Iran 1909-1925".

The thesis submitted by the student Muhannad Abdul Aziz Issa included four chapters. The first chapter dealt with political parties and gatherings in Iran between the years 1861 - 1909. The second chapter referred to the political activity of parties in Iran between the years 1909 – 1914.  The third chapter discussed the development of political parties in Iran during the years of  First World War 1914 – 1918. The fourth chapter shed the light on the position of political parties towards internal developments in Iran between 1919-1925.

The thesis aims to reveal a historical point of a new start in the political life of these parties and the beginning of political and intellectual awareness in Iran, from which the signs of establishing a more mature political phase on the intellectual and cognitive levels began, as it had a role in the upheaval of the Iranian street and the rise in its revolutionary intensity with the aim of the necessity to reform the bitter Iranian reality.

The thesis discussed the participation of the various types of Iranian society in establishing these political parties, such as the clergy, the owners, the peasants, the workers and the illiterates, to get out of the intellectual crisis that these classes were going through and break the barrier of silence and fear that the country has lived for many years.

The study concluded that there are a set of factors that paved the way for the emergence of the intellectual awareness movement and political maturity among the Iranians, which resulted in the emergence of the first forms of political parties and groupings, in the forefront of which comes the emergence of an educated elite class influenced by Western thought regardless of its type, which called for the need to update the foundations and rules of the political  process  in Iran.